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1.
J. bras. nefrol ; 41(1): 124-130, Jan.-Mar. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1040238

ABSTRACT

Abstract Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used medications associated with nephrotoxicity, especially when used chronically. Factors such as advanced age and comorbidities, which in themselves already lead to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate, increase the risk of NSAID-related nephrotoxicity. The main mechanism of NSAID action is cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme inhibition, interfering on arachidonic acid conversion into E2 prostaglandins E2, prostacyclins and thromboxanes. Within the kidneys, prostaglandins act as vasodilators, increasing renal perfusion. This vasodilatation is a counter regulation of mechanisms, such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system works and that of the sympathetic nervous system, culminating with compensation to ensure adequate flow to the organ. NSAIDs inhibit this mechanism and can lead to acute kidney injury (AKI). High doses of NSAIDs have been implicated as causes of AKI, especially in the elderly. The main form of AKI by NSAIDs is hemodynamically mediated. The second form of NSAID-induced AKI is acute interstitial nephritis, which may manifest as nephrotic proteinuria. Long-term NSAID use can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). In patients without renal diseases, young and without comorbidities, NSAIDs are not greatly harmful. However, because of its dose-dependent effect, caution should be exercised in chronic use, since it increases the risk of developing nephrotoxicity.


Resumo Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) são medicamentos comumente utilizados, associados à nefrotoxicidade, sobretudo quando utilizados cronicamente. Fatores como idade avançada e comorbidades, que por si só já levam à diminuição da taxa de filtração glomerular, aumentam o risco de nefrotoxicidade dos AINEs. O principal mecanismo de ação dos AINEs é a inibição da enzima ciclooxigenase (COX), interferindo na conversão do ácido araquidônico em prostaglandinas E2, prostaciclinas e tromboxanos. Nos rins, as prostaglandinas atuam como vasodilatadoras, aumentando a perfusão renal. Essa vasodilatação atua como uma contrarregulação de mecanismos, como a atuação do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e do sistema nervoso simpático, culminando com uma compensação para assegurar o fluxo adequado ao órgão. O uso de AINEs inibe esse mecanismo, podendo causar lesão renal aguda (LRA). Altas doses de AINEs têm sido implicadas como causas de LRA, especialmente em idosos. A principal forma de LRA por AINEs é a hemodinamicamente mediada. A segunda forma de apresentação da LRA induzida por AINES é a nefrite intersticial aguda, que pode se manifestar com proteinúria nefrótica. O uso de AINEs em longo prazo pode ocasionar doença renal crônica (DRC). Nos pacientes sem doenças renais, jovens e sem comorbidades, os AINEs não apresentam grandes malefícios. Entretanto, por seu efeito dose-dependente, deve-se ter grande cautela no uso crônico, por aumentar risco de desenvolver nefrotoxicidade.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects , Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/adverse effects , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/chemically induced , Acute Kidney Injury/chemically induced , Nephritis, Interstitial/chemically induced , Prostaglandins E/metabolism , Proteinuria/chemically induced , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism , Risk Factors , Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/metabolism , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology , Acute Kidney Injury/physiopathology , Nephritis, Interstitial/physiopathology
2.
J. appl. oral sci ; 23(2): 135-144, Mar-Apr/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: lil-746539

ABSTRACT

The mandible condylar process cartilage (CP) of Wistar rats is a secondary cartilage and acts as a mandibular growth site. This phenomenon depends on adequate proteins intake and hormone actions, including insulin. Objectives The present study evaluated the morphological aspects and the expression of the insulin receptor (IR) in the cartilage of the condylar process (CP) of rats subjected to protein undernourishment. Material and Methods The nourished group received a 20% casein diet, while the undernourished group (U) received a 5% casein diet. The re-nourished groups, R and RR, were used to assess the effects of re-nutrition during puberty and adulthood, respectively. CPs were processed and stained with picro-sirius red, safranin-O and azocarmine. Scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry were also performed. Results The area of the CP cartilage and the number of cells in the chondroblastic layer decreased in the U group, as did the thickness of the CP layer in the joint and hypertrophic layer. Renourishment during the pubertal stage, but not during the adult phase, restored these parameters. The cell number was restored when re-nutrition occurred in the pubertal stage, but not in the adult phase. The extracellular matrix also decreased in the U group, but was restored by re-nutrition during the pubertal stage and further increased in the adult phase. IR expression was observed in all CPs, being higher in the chondroblastic and hypertrophic cartilage layers. The lowest expression was found in the U and RR groups. Conclusions Protein malnutrition altered the cellularity, the area, and the fibrous cartilage complex, as well as the expression of the IRs. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism , Cyclooxygenase 1/metabolism , /metabolism , Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/metabolism , Piroxicam/analogs & derivatives , Thiazines/metabolism , Thiazoles/metabolism , Amino Acid Substitution , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry , Arginine/chemistry , Arginine/genetics , Arginine/metabolism , Binding Sites , Catalytic Domain , Cyclooxygenase 1/chemistry , Cyclooxygenase 1/genetics , /chemistry , /genetics , Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/chemistry , Hydrogen Bonding , Leucine/chemistry , Leucine/genetics , Leucine/metabolism , Mutation , Piroxicam/chemistry , Piroxicam/metabolism , Protein Structure, Secondary , Serine/chemistry , Serine/genetics , Serine/metabolism , Thiazines/chemistry , Thiazoles/chemistry , Tyrosine/chemistry , Tyrosine/genetics , Tyrosine/metabolism , Water
3.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 53(5): 646-656, jul. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-525426

ABSTRACT

É indiscutível o papel da dieta e dos alimentos na manutenção da saúde e na redução do risco de DCNT. Estudos epidemiológicos mostram que o aumento do consumo de alimentos de origem vegetal influencia positivamente a saúde, enquanto estudos in vitro e in vivo em modelo animal elucidam os mecanismos pelos quais compostos bioativos não nutrientes, presentes nos alimentos, atuam na manutenção da saúde e na redução do risco de doenças. A modulação da expressão de genes que codificam proteínas envolvidas em vias de sinalização celular ativadas em DCNT é um dos mecanismos de ação dos compostos bioativos, sugerindo que estes possam ser essenciais à manutenção da saúde. A biodisponibilidade dos compostos bioativos de alimentos, as suas rotas metabólicas e o modo de ação de seus metabólitos são importantes fatores no seu efeito nas DCNT. Todos esses aspectos são temas de investigações recentes, cujos resultados contribuem para a compreensão da ocorrência e desenvolvimento das DCNT e da sua relação com a dieta. Essa revisão visou discutir alguns dos mecanismos envolvidos na resposta inflamatória induzida pela obesidade, apresentar os compostos bioativos de alimentos que modulam essa resposta inflamatória e sua relação com o metabolismo desses compostos.


It is largely accepted the important role of food and feeding habits on health maintenance and development of non transmissible chronic diseases (NTCD). Epidemiologic evidences show that increasing vegetable consumption positively impacts health. On the other hand, in vivo and in vitro studies in animals show that non-nutrient bioactive food substances partly explain the role of food on the maintenance of health and on the risk reduction of these diseases. The modulation of gene expression of proteins that are involved in the cellular signaling pathways of NTCD is an important mechanism of the bioactive food substances, indicating their importance in disease prevention. Bioavailability, metabolic routes and the action of the resultant metabolites of bioactive food compounds are important aspects that may affect NTCD. All these aspects have actively been investigated in the last years and resulted in a greater understanding of the beginning, progression and prevention of NTCD. This review aimed at discussing the involved mechanisms of the inflammatory response induced by obesity and the role of bioactive food compounds in modulating such response.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Diet , Food Analysis , Inflammation/etiology , Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Obesity/complications , Phenols/administration & dosage , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism , Antioxidants/administration & dosage , Biological Availability , Curcumin/administration & dosage , Curcumin/metabolism , Inflammation Mediators/physiology , Inflammation/metabolism , Obesity/metabolism
4.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 60(5/1): 580-6, 2000. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-275468

ABSTRACT

El clonixinato de lisina (CL) es un antiinflamatorio no esteroide (AINE) con pocos efectos adversos, por lo que se ha postulado que a concentraciones equivalentes a las encontradas en plasma humano después de dosis terapéuticas inhibiría en escaso grado la cicloxigenasa I (COX-I). Se efectuaron 3 experimentos. Experimento 1: se estudió el efecto in vitro de CL en concentraciones de 4 y 6 ug/ml, las que se corresponden con las alcanzadas en plasma con una dosis oral de 125 mg. Los segmentos de vesícula biliar (n = 6) se incubaron con 0.25 uCi de ácido araquidónico 14C y se midió la producción de prostaglandina E 2, prostaglandina F 2a y prostaglandina 6 ceto F 1a. El CL no modificó la producción basal de ninguna de las tres prostaglandinas, pero con 6 ug/ml disminuyó significativamente la producción de ácido 5- hidroxieicosatetraenico (5-HETE). Experimento 2: se administró una infusión continua de CL a 6 pacientes en el pre operatorio inmediato para lograr una concentración en estado estacioanrio entre 4 y 6 ug/ml. Se incubaron segmentos de vesícula biliar de estos 6 pacientes y de 6 pacientes control no tratados con ácido araquidónico 14 C. Se observó que los segmentos de vesícula biliar tratados con CL no mostraron inhibición de la producción de ninguna de las tres PGs, mientras que el 5-HETE liberado al medio fue significativamente menor. Experimento 3: 18 pacientes recibieron bolos EV de: CL 100mg (n1, = 6); CL 200 mg (n2, = 6) o indometacina (INDO) 50 mg (n3 = 6). Con ninguna de las dos dosis de CL se obtuvo inhibición de la síntesis de PGs, por el contrario de INDO inhibió su síntesis. Cuando se valoró la producción de 5-HETE, los dos AINES estudiados de se comportaron en forma distinta. El tratamiento con INDO no modificó el 5-F-HETE producido, mientras que el tratamiento con CL lo inhibió significativamente. En los tres tipos de estudios realizados in vitro e in vivo: infusión continua y bolo IV, el CL no inhibió la síntesis de PGs y disminuyó significativamente el 5-HETE.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Gallbladder/drug effects , Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/biosynthesis , Lysine/analogs & derivatives , Lysine/pharmacology , Prostaglandins/biosynthesis , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism , Blotting, Western , Gallbladder/enzymology , Indomethacin/pharmacology , Lysine/metabolism
5.
Acta bioquím. clín. latinoam ; 33(4): 399-413, dic. 1999. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-258504

ABSTRACT

La glucuronoconjugación es un proceso de gran importancia en el metabolismo de xenobióticos y sustancias endógenas, facilitando su excreción por parte del organismo. Durante mucho tiempo ha sido aceptado que los metabolitos derivados de esta vía no poseían carácter activo o reactivo. Sin embargo, en los últimos años han surgido evidencias que ponen en duda aquella creencia, con especial referencia a los acilglucurónidos de los ácidos aril 2-propiónicos, cuya inestabilidad in vivo bajo condiciones fisiológicas ha demostrado tener implicancias inmunotoxicológicas potenciales a través de su unión irreversible a las proteínas (aductos). Esta revisión considera los aspectos que han modificado la percepción de la glucuronoconjugación como una vía sin importancia toxicológica y clínica para el organismo. Por lo tanto, la pregunta que debería ser contestada podría ser: es la glucuronoconjugación una vía de producción de sustancias tóxicas tanto como un mecanismo de detoxificación?


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Rats , Cats , Mice , Carboxylic Acids/adverse effects , Propionates/metabolism , Age Factors , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism , Biotransformation , Glucuronates/metabolism , Glucuronidase/physiology , Glucuronosyltransferase/metabolism , Glucuronosyltransferase/physiology , Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid/physiology , Biological Reactions , Inactivation, Metabolic/physiology , Flurbiprofen/metabolism , Isomerism , Ketoprofen/metabolism , Naproxen/metabolism , Rabbits , Sex , Tolmetin/metabolism , Triglycerides , Xenobiotics/metabolism
6.
Arch. med. res ; 30(2): 93-6, mar.-abr. 1999. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-256630

ABSTRACT

Background. Scavenging of superoxide radical by salicylate-iron complex was studied to determine whether or not the salicylate-iron complex was able to catalyze the dismutation of superoxide radicals, the result perhaps yielding an explanation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the drug. Methods. the scavenging was studied with an assay that generates Oú- 2 without the intervention of metal ions. Results. Results indicated that, in the presence of iron, salicylate was able to bring about the catalytic dismutation of the superoxide radiacal. The rate of superoxide removal was dependent on both the concentration of iron and the salicylate:iron molar ratio. Conclusions. these results may help to explain the interaction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with free radicals and the anti-inflammatory properties of these agents, inasmuch as accumulating evidence indicates that much of the injury observed during inflammatory disorders may be mediated by oxidative stress frequently induced by iron-dependent reactions


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism , Antioxidants/metabolism , Salicylates/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Xanthines/metabolism , Catalysis
7.
New Egyptian Journal of Medicine [The]. 1998; 19 (1): 53-62
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-49097

ABSTRACT

This study utilized the metabolic differentiation paradigm of respiratory muscles which was related to the relative capacities of anaerobic and aerobic bioenergetic glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities as a relative measure of these pathways. The results supported the deleterious effect of corticosteroids, indomethacin and garamycin on respiratory muscles through alterations in biochemical and metabolic functions of the muscles by different degrees and different ways. Also, it provided a scope on vitamin E and its important and vital role in protection against respiratory muscle damage produced by different drugs and by different mechanisms. These results were discussed


Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Respiratory Muscles/drug effects , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Rats , Prednisolone , Indomethacin , Testosterone , Vitamin E , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Aminoglycosides
8.
Bol. Hosp. San Juan de Dios ; 44(1): 3-8, ene.-feb. 1997. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-194953

ABSTRACT

La inflamación es una característica importante de un gran número de afecciones especialmente reumatológicas. Entre los medicamentos que se usan para bloquearla o moderarla están los antiinflamatorios no esteroidales (AINEs) que son agentes químicos que reducen los signos y síntomas de la inflamación en forma precoz. Sus mecanismos de acción son múltiples, siendo el más conocido la inhibición de los derivados del ácido araquidónico, mecanismo por el cual también desencadenan importantes efectos colaterales, estando las investigaciones actuales orientadas a disminuir tales efectos, manteniendo su eficacia. Si bien son medicamentos útiles y de amplio uso clínico, sus efectos colaterales e interacción con otras drogas deben ser conocidos y evaluados antes del inicio y durante la terapia de cada paciente. Actualmente existe un gran número de AINEs derivados de una diversidad de núcleos químicos y como una orientación para reducir el riesgo en su uso no se deben prescribir sin una indicación precisa; se deben conocer bien las drogas y evitar las de mayor riesgo; se debe tener precaución con los pacientes de mayor riesgo, en especial sujetos añosos y se debe siempre obtener una adecuada información y mantener una buena supervisión


Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Inflammation/drug therapy , Eicosanoic Acids/metabolism , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism , Drug Interactions , Drug Utilization , Drug Prescriptions
9.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Fac. Med. Univ. Säo Paulo ; 50(2): 115-24, mar.-abr. 1995. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-154419

ABSTRACT

Os antiinflamatorios representam um grupo importante de farmacos com capacidade de combater a inflamacao. Foram estudados os mecanismos de acao, farmacocinetico, efeitos colaterais e interacao medicamentosa. Uma analise critica do emprego desses antiinflamatorios na pratica e apresentada na base da experiencia de nosso servico.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism , Rheumatic Diseases/drug therapy , Inflammation/pathology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/classification , Drug Combinations , Inflammation/immunology
10.
Anon.
Pediatr. mod ; 28(6): 503-8, out. 1992. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-123457

ABSTRACT

Num estudo multicêntrico 5.228 pacientes pediátricos, portadores de amigdalites, rinofaringites, otites e sinusites foram avaliados com o uso do nimesulide suspensäo oral na posologia de 5mg/Kg de peso ao dia em duas administraçöes diárias. Quanto à eficácia, houve uma acentudada regressäo dos sinais e sintomas avaliados, estatisticamente significante, ao término do estudo. A tolerabilidade foi excelente, sendo observadas reaçöes adversas somente em 5,96% dos pacientes avaliados


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Administration, Oral , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Otitis/therapy , Sinusitis/therapy , Tonsillitis/therapy , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism , Multicenter Studies as Topic
11.
Folha méd ; 100(3/4): 111-22, mar.-abr. 1990. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-88858

ABSTRACT

Admite-se que o bloqueio da cicloxigenase impedindo a síntese de importantes produtos como a PGE2 prostaciclina e tromboxano A2 seja responsável pelas açöes analgésicas, antipirética, antiinflamatória e antiagregante plaquetária das drogas antiinflamatórias näo-esteróides tipo aspirina. Alguns efeitos colaterais como ulceraçäo da mucosa gástrica e sangramento também säo explicados através do mesmo mecanismo. As prostaglandinas pertencem a um importante grupo de autacóides formados a partir de ácido araquidônico liberado de membranas celulares pela açäo de fosfolipases. Estäo presentes em processos inflamatórios e possuem potente açäo vasodilatadora, hiperalgésica, agregante plaquetária e pirogênica


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology , Chemistry
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